Scientific reference1 min
What is a peptide?
How amino acids join to form a peptide.
Read the guideThe library
A starting point for reading peptide research.
Research-reading guidance1 min
How to read a study
Five questions help separate an interesting finding from a conclusion the study cannot support.
Read the guideFDA quality guidance1 min
Purity, identity and sterility are different questions
A certificate of analysis is a report of specified tests. One passing result does not answer every quality question.
Read the guideAnimal study; human safety uncertainty1 min
BPC-157: what a rat study can establish
A frequently cited tendon experiment is preclinical evidence. It does not by itself establish human benefit or safety.
Read the guideRandomized human trial1 min
Semaglutide STEP 1: a lesson in trial design
Use a large human trial to practise reading the population, comparison, outcomes and limits together.
Read the guideLaboratory study and FDA guidance1 min
Peptide stability needs a context
A stability finding belongs to a defined molecule, formulation, method and set of test conditions.
Read the guide